Accompanying the definitive report on cancer research and treatments are 14 large, full-color illustrations of the growth of cancer on the molecular level and treatments currently being worked on. Stunningly drawn and scientifically accurate, these works are designed to give the reader a clear visualization of the science behind the field of cancer research.
Therapeutic antibodies (the Y-like structures) can work to help fight off growth factors which fuel cancer cell growth.
A tumor attracts blood and lymphatic vessels (known as angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, respectively) in order to consume more nutrients to continue its rapid growth.
An example of the resistances cancerous cells have towards treatment. Changes in receptors (the red cup-like surface) or alternate paths within the signaling network allow cancerous cells to resist drugs and continue to operate.
Cell signaling is the process used by cells to communicate with other cells. Signals (hormones, growth factors, calcium, nitric oxide, etc.) originate in a cell, leave, and then enter and are interpreted by another cell.
An illustration of the cell signaling process which leads to cell behavior. Growth factors (the blue and purple spheres) bind to certain receiving proteins, called receptors. The receptors relay the growth factor signals into the cell. These signals are further relayed through a large network of proteins by kinases, which eventually changes the activity of genes within the nucleus.
Over time a small adenomatous polyp can grow into a large tumor that can then metastasize and spread throughout the body.
A primary tumor within the colon metasizing. During metastasis, tumor cells produce proteins, called proteases, which helps degrade the tissue around them. At the same time, the tumor cells stop producing the proteins that normally keeps them tightly connected and contained. These processes allow the tumor cell to infect distant sites through intravasation.
Cancer occurs and can be treated at every scale. Molecularly-targeted chemotherapies and therapeutics can fight cancer at the cellular and tissue level. Tumors that form at the organ level are best treated with radiation and/or surgical removal if possible.
